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Palestinian Arabic is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of Levantine Arabic spoken by the Palestinians in Palestine, by Arab citizens of Israel and in most Palestinian populations around the world. Palestinian Arabic is composed of typical Semitic dialects, which exhibits vocabulary strata that include words from ancient and modern Middle Eastern (Aramaic, Turkish, Hebrew) and European (Greek, Latin, French, English) languages. ==Differences compared to other Levantine Arabic dialects== The dialects spoken by the Arabs of the Levant - the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean - or Levantine Arabic, form a rather homogeneous group. Until relatively recently, the Arabic spoken in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syria was considered as a single Syrian dialect, as for example presented by F. E. Crow in 1901.〔Crow, F.E., ''Arabic manual: a colloquia handbook in the Syrian dialect, for the use of visitors to Syria and Palestine, containing a simplified grammar, a comprehensive English and Arabic vocabulary and dialogues'', Luzac & co, London, 1901〕 The Palestinian Arabic dialects are varieties of Levantine Arabic because they display the following characteristic Levantine features. * A conservative stress pattern, closer to Classical Arabic than anywhere else in the Arab world. * The indicative imperfect with a b- prefix * A very frequent () of the feminine ending in front consonant context (names in -eh). * A () realisation of /q/ in the cities, and a () realisation of /q/ by the Druzes, and more variants in the countryside. * A shared lexicon The noticeable differences between Southern forms and the Northern forms of Levantine Arabic, such as Western Syrian Arabic and Lebanese Arabic, are stronger in non-urban dialects. The main differences between Palestinian and northern Levantine Arabic are as follows: * Phonetically, Palestinian dialects differs from Lebanese regarding the classical diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/, which have simplified to () and () in Palestinian dialects as in Western Syrian, while in Lebanese they have retained a diphthongal pronunciation: () and (). * Palestinian dialects differs from Western Syrian as far as short stressed /i/ and /u/ are concerned: in Palestinian they keep a more or less open () and () pronunciation, and are not neutralised to () as in Syrian. * The Lebanese and Syrian dialects are more prone to imala of /a:/ than the Palestinian is. For instance شتا 'winter' is () in Palestinian but () in Lebanese and Western Syrian. Some Palestinian dialects ignore imala totally (e.g. Gaza). * In morphology, the plural personal pronouns are إحنا() 'we', همه() 'they', كم-() 'you', هم- () 'them' in Palestinian, while they are in Syria/Lebanon نحنا() 'we', هنه() 'they', كن-() 'you', هن- () 'them'. * The conjugation of the imperfect 1st and 3rd person masculine has different prefix vowels. Palestinians say باكتب() 'I write' باشوف() 'I see' where Lebanese and Syrians say بكتب() and بشوف(). In the 3rd person masculine, Palestinians say بكتب() 'He writes' where Lebanese and Western Syrians say بيكتب(). * Hamza-initial verbs commonly have an () prefix sound in the imperfect in Palestinian. For example, Classical Arabic has اكل /akala/ 'to eat' in the perfect tense, and آكل /aːkulu/ with () sound in the first person singular imperfect. The common equivalent in Palestinian Arabic is اكل /akal/ in the perfect, with imperfect 1st person singular بوكل /boːkel/ (with the indicative b- prefix.) Thus, in the Galilee and Northern West Bank, the colloquial for the verbal expression, "I am eating" or "I eat" is commonly () / (), rather than () used in the Western Syrian dialect. Note however that () or even () are used in the South of Palestine. * The conjugation of the imperative is different too. 'Write!' is اكتب () in Palestinian, but كتوب (), with different stress and vowel and length, in Lebanese and Western Syrian. * For the negation of verbs and prepositional pseudo-verbs, Palestinian like Egyptian, typically suffixes ش () on top of using the preverb negation /ma/, e.g. 'I don't write' is ماباكتبش (bak'tʊbʃ ) in Palestinian, but مابكتب('bəktʊb ) in Northern Levantine. * In vocabulary, Palestinian is closer to Lebanese than to Western Syrian, e.g. 'is not' is مش() in both Lebanese and Palestinian while it is مو() in Syrian; 'How?' is كيف() in Lebanese and Palestinian while it is شلون() in Syrian as in Iraqi. However, Palestinian also shares items with Egyptian, e.g. 'like' (prep.) is زي () in Palestinian instead of مثل (), as found in Syrian and Lebanese Arabic. There are also typical Palestinian words, who are real shibboleths in the Levant. * A typical Palestinian word is إشي () 'thing, something', as opposed to شي () in Lebanon and Syria. * Besides common Levantine هلق () 'now', Jerusalemites use هالقيت () (both from هالوقت /ha-l-waqt/ ) and northern Palestinians use إسا() (from الساعة/ɪs-sɑ:ʕɑ/). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palestinian Arabic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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